An anon asked me to explain the differences for the Spanish tenses so I’ll try to make this post as short as possible.
Indicative mood expresses actual situations and facts.
It parts in 2, simple tenses and perfect tenses:
SIMPLE
Present is used to express:
the actions that take place at the moment of speaking
frequent actions/habits
future actions
Imperfect is used to express:
an action that started in the past without being said if it has been finished or not.
past habits
Preterite is used to express completed actions from the past.
Future expresses action that will take place in the future
Conditional is used to express something that isn’t certain. (similar to would and could)
PERFECT
Present perfect is used to express:
an action that started in the past and it’s still going on
an action that took place in the past but it can repeat any time in the future
Past perfect is used for an action that was completed before another, both taking place in the past.
Preterite perfect is used for past actions that were completed before another past action. Usually it is used with apenas (barely) and it appears in literature.
Future perfect is for actions that will have taken place before another future event.
Conditional perfect is used for actions that would have been completed in the past. (But these actions aren’t because something stopped them, like that moment when you would have asked your crush out but you got scared)
Present Progresive Tense
This tense is for actions that are taking place in the moment you speak. (I’m talking to you now).
Subjunctive mood is for uncertain, possible, desired actions
SIMPLE
Present subjunctive is used after clauses that express intent, possibility, hope, wish, doubt.
Imperfect subjunctive is used just like the present subjective but the main verb is in the preterite, imperfect or conditional tense.
PERFECT
Present perfect subjunctive is used to describe
past actions that are connected to the present
actions that are expected to be done by a point in the future
Past perfect subjunctive is used to express hypothetical situations in the past, past conditionals and past actions that preceded other past actions.
Imperative mood is used to express orders.
If i have any mistakes please tell me, I’m not a native so i might have said something wrong.
De wezen wezen naar het wezen. = the orphans pointed at the creature.
Voordat was was was, was was schoon. = before laundry became laundry, it was clean.
Als achter vliegen vliegen vliegen, vliegen vliegen vliegen achterna = if flies fly after other flies, then the other flies fly behind flies
Als voor nog niet begraven graven graven graven graven, graven graven gravengraven. = if counts dig graves for unburied counts, then the counts dig countgraves.
Als zelf niet door te zagen zagen zagen zagen zagen zagen, zagen zagen zagen zagen, zagen wij. =
if uncuttable knives saw other knives get cut, the knives saw other knives get cut, we saw.
Me: wow this language learning is going great I’m making new sentences on my own how exciting
Native speaker: *speaks*
Me: I understand nothing
/mæd madln̩/ isn’t too bad. (Although fuck non-high back vowels, incidentally.)
/stɛf/ or /stɛfəni/
[d͡ʒɒn]
Also, whith a name like that I have to ask; where is @shrewreadings from?
[ˈkl̥eɪʔn̩]
(i marked the devoicing of /l/ for the sake of narrow transcription)
[jan] – plain and simple
/ɡɹɛtʃn̩ məkʌlɪk/
Now, your linguist alternative universe name is your name in Latin orthography, pronounced as if it were already in IPA. (Interestingly, mine sounds very similar to the German pronunciation.)
Lakoff argues that the very things career
coaches advise women to cut out of their speech are actually signs of
highly evolved communication. When we use words like so, I guess, like, actually, and I mean,
we are sending signals to the listener to help them figure out what’s
new, what’s important, or what’s funny. We’re connecting with them.
“Rather than being weakeners or signs of fuzziness of mind, as is often
said, they create cohesion and coherence between what speaker and hearer
together need to accomplish — understanding and sharing,” Lakoff says.
“This is the major job of an articulate social species. If women use
these forms more, it is because we are better at being human.”
Language is not always about making an argument or conveying information in the cleanest, simplest way possible. It’s often about building relationships.
writing style: author from the 1800s with a severe love of commas whose sentences last half a page
I came out here, to this point, to this place, hoping against all hope and despite signs and portends suggesting otherwise that I might, somehow, find myself having a pleasant experience, and yet here I stand, alone against the world, feeling assaulted, attacked on all fronts, knowing not my enemy’s name nor his face nor whether our battle is done.
Like I genuinely can’t tell whether that’s an example or somebody gloriously rewriting the “I came out here to have a good time and I’m honestly feeling so attacked right now” meme
This is an actual page from an actual English text book used in Wilhelmshaven, Germany.
what the actual fuck, that’s supposed to be English?
It was a lesson in American slang (to my knowledge no one has ever spoken like this, but…) All of the underlined words were vocabulary. I really wish I was making this up.
American slang?? It’s like some bizarre pirate ebonics jibberish, lol. Did Merkel do this?
Now you too can talk like someone in a 1970s blaxploitation movie!
First of all, I apologize for this post being a bit late. I was JUST ABOUT to upload it when the internet at my house cut out. This should not have been a surprise, given all the various technical difficulties in the US yesterday…
Anyways… today’s comic deals with one of the more interesting topics in contemporary Shakespeare studies: Original Pronunciation!
O.P. and the amazing ways in which it has been reconstructed, deserve a lot more space than six stick-figure comic panels, but hey, barbarically reducing things of great literary and scholarly merit to their bare bones is kind of my “thing”. At the very least, now you know that when Hamlet tries to rhyme “move” and “love”, it’s not actually him pretending to be mad.
The super-linguist in question is David Crystal, whose praises I repeatedly sung. In his O.P. endeavors he has been ably assisted by his son, Ben Crystal, an actor who, armed with Shakespeare’s O.P., can make the prologue of Romeo and Juliet sound sexier and more piratical than you could have ever imagined. If you don’t believe, just take a listen:
Seriously. That’s gorgeous. Here’s a longer video, featuring Papa Crystal and Ben at the Globe:
It’s easy to get snobbish about Shakespeare and to believe it works only when performed in the elegantly trained received pronunciation of an Ian McKellen or a Benedict Cumberbatch. But, as the Crystals point out, received pronunciation is even further away from Shakespeare’s original accent than American are from it.
Shakespeare can be performed in any accent. English, Welsh, Scottish, American, Canadian, Singaporean, I don’t care. His words still have immense power. However, when you hear it spoken in O.P., you really get a sense of what it must have been like for those first groundlings at the first Globe Theatre.
It’s easy to forget because we’re so used to English spelling not really making sense, but the vast majority of English words are spelled that way because they were once actually pronounced that way.* We don’t have a phonetic spelling system, we have an etymological one.
*Except for a few silent letters that were falsely re-added later, such as in “debt” (which comes from French dete but the “b” makes it look more like Latin debitum).
326 Miles 